1. Introduction to Milk Testing
1.1 Importance of Milk Testing
Books
Tamime, A. Y., & Robinson, R. K. (2024). Milk and Dairy Products: Chemistry and Technology (5th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Fox, P. F., Uniacke-Lowe, T., McSweeney, P. L. H., & O’Mahony, J. A. (2023). Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry (3rd ed.). Springer.
Park, Y. W., & Haenlein, G. F. W. (Eds.). (2022). Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Journal Articles
Kamal, M., & Karoui, R. (2023). Analytical methods for the quality control of milk and dairy products: A review. Food Control, 152, 109845.
Poonia, A., & Prakash, S. (2024). Advances in milk safety: Emerging technologies for pathogen detection. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(3), 1456–1470.
Bansal, S., & Mishra, A. (2023). Antibiotic residue detection in milk: Challenges and solutions. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(8), 1201–1215.
Singh, R., & Sharma, R. (2025). Application of AI and IoT in milk quality monitoring: A systematic review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 148, 104512.
Reports and Standards
Codex Alimentarius Commission (2023). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995).
FDA (2024). Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO).
1.2 Objectives of Milk Quality Control
Books
Gandhi, K., Sharma, R., Gautam, P. B., & Mann, B. (2020). Chemical Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Sharma, R., & Mann, B. (Eds.). (2023). Advances in Dairy Chemistry and Quality Assurance. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Journal Articles
Katoch, S., Kumar, A., Kolady, D. E., & Sharma, K. (2025). Compliance with food safety measures and their economic impact on smallholder dairy farmers: Evidence from the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Food Policy.
Shukla, S., Shankar, R., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Food safety regulatory model in India: A study. Journal of Food Protection, 83(8), 1325-1334.
Grace, D., Lindahl, J., & Deka, R. P. (2022). Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: Governance, perceptions, and practices. Journal of Food Safety, 42(5), e2137897.
Kumar, A., & Joshi, P. K. (2019). Milk safety and quality in India: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 72(4), 345-352.
Authoritative Reports and Regulatory Documents
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2018). National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018. FSSAI, New Delhi.
FSSAI. (2020). Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 2011 (Amended 2020). Official Gazette of India.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2023). Codex Standards for Milk and Milk Products (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Revised 2023). FAO/WHO.
FSSAI. (2025). Compendium of Food Safety and Standards Regulations (Updated March 2025). FSSAI, New Delhi.
1.3 Classification of Milk Tests
Books
Gandhi, K., Sharma, R., Gautam, P. B., & Mann, B. (2020). Chemical Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.). (2018). Milk and Dairy Products: Chemistry and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sharma, R., Rajput, Y. S., & Mann, B. (2022). Dairy Chemistry and Quality Control. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Journal Articles
Kumar, A., Katoch, S., & Sharma, K. (2023). Analytical techniques for milk quality assessment: A review of recent advances in India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(5), 1345–1356.
Grace, D., Lindahl, J., & Deka, R. P. (2022). Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: Governance, perceptions, and practices. Journal of Food Safety, 42(5), e2137897.
Shukla, S., & Singh, S. P. (2021). Detection of adulterants in milk: A review of analytical methods. Food Analytical Methods, 14(6), 1234–1248.
Patel, R., & Kumar, M. (2020). Microbiological safety of milk in India: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 73(3), 245–253.
Bhat, S., & Sharma, R. (2019). Rapid methods for milk quality testing in resource-limited settings. Journal of Dairy Research, 86(4), 432–439.
Authoritative Reports and Regulatory Documents
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2018). National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018. FSSAI, New Delhi.
FSSAI. (2020). Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 2011 (Amended 2020). Official Gazette of India.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2023). Codex Standards for Milk and Milk Products (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Revised 2023). FAO/WHO.
FSSAI. (2025). Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods: Milk and Milk Products (Updated March 2025). FSSAI, New Delhi.
1.4 Sampling Techniques and Precautions
Books
Gandhi, K., Sharma, R., Gautam, P. B., & Mann, B. (2020). Chemical Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Tamime, A. Y., & Robinson, R. K. (2019). Milk and Dairy Products: Production and Processing. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sharma, R., & Mann, B. (Eds.). (2023). Advances in Dairy Chemistry and Quality Assurance. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Journal Articles
Kumar, A., Katoch, S., & Sharma, K. (2023). Analytical techniques for milk quality assessment: A review of recent advances in India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(5), 1345–1356.
Grace, D., Lindahl, J., & Deka, R. P. (2022). Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: Governance, perceptions, and practices. Journal of Food Safety, 42(5), e2137897.
Patel, R., & Kumar, M. (2020). Microbiological safety of milk in India: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 73(3), 245–253.
Bhat, S., & Sharma, R. (2019). Rapid methods for milk quality testing in resource-limited settings. Journal of Dairy Research, 86(4), 432–439.
Authoritative Reports and Regulatory Documents
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2018). National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018. FSSAI, New Delhi.
FSSAI. (2025). Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods: Milk and Milk Products (Updated March 2025). FSSAI, New Delhi.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2023). Codex Standards for Milk and Milk Products (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Revised 2023). FAO/WHO.
FSSAI. (2020). Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 2011 (Amended 2020). Official Gazette of India.
2. Physical Testing of Milk
2.1 Organoleptic Evaluation (Taste, Smell, Appearance)
Books
Gandhi, K., Sharma, R., Gautam, P. B., & Mann, B. (2020). Chemical Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.). (2018). Milk and Dairy Products: Chemistry and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sharma, R., & Mann, B. (Eds.). (2023). Advances in Dairy Chemistry and Quality Assurance. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Journal Articles
Kumar, A., Katoch, S., & Sharma, K. (2023). Analytical techniques for milk quality assessment: A review of recent advances in India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(5), 1345–1356.
Patel, R., & Kumar, M. (2020). Microbiological safety of milk in India: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 73(3), 245–253.
Bhat, S., & Sharma, R. (2019). Rapid methods for milk quality testing in resource-limited settings. Journal of Dairy Research, 86(4), 432–439.
Grace, D., Lindahl, J., & Deka, R. P. (2022). Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: Governance, perceptions, and practices. Journal of Food Safety, 42(5), e2137897.
Authoritative Reports and Regulatory Documents
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2018). National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018. FSSAI, New Delhi.
FSSAI. (2025). Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods: Milk and Milk Products (Updated March 2025). FSSAI, New Delhi.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2023). Codex Standards for Milk and Milk Products (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Revised 2023). FAO/WHO.
FSSAI. (2020). Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 2011 (Amended 2020). Official Gazette of India.
2.2 Temperature Measurement
Books
Gandhi, K., Sharma, R., Gautam, P. B., & Mann, B. (2020). Chemical Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.). (2018). Milk and Dairy Products: Chemistry and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sharma, R., & Mann, B. (Eds.). (2023). Advances in Dairy Chemistry and Quality Assurance. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Journal Articles
Kumar, A., Katoch, S., & Sharma, K. (2023). Analytical techniques for milk quality assessment: A review of recent advances in India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(5), 1345–1356.
Patel, R., & Kumar, M. (2020). Microbiological safety of milk in India: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 73(3), 245–253.
Grace, D., Lindahl, J., & Deka, R. P. (2022). Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: Governance, perceptions, and practices. Journal of Food Safety, 42(5), e2137897.
Bhat, S., & Sharma, R. (2019). Rapid methods for milk quality testing in resource-limited settings. Journal of Dairy Research, 86(4), 432–439.
Authoritative Reports and Regulatory Documents
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2018). National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018. FSSAI, New Delhi.
FSSAI. (2025). Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods: Milk and Milk Products (Updated March 2025). FSSAI, New Delhi.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2023). Codex Standards for Milk and Milk Products (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Revised 2023). FAO/WHO.
FSSAI. (2020). Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 2011 (Amended 2020). Official Gazette of India.
2.3 Sedimentation and Clot-on-Boiling (COB) Tests
2.4 Specific Gravity – Lactometer Test
2.5 Freezing Point Determination
3. Chemical Testing of Milk
3.1 Determination of Fat Content
3.1.1 Gerber Method
3.1.2 Babcock Method
3.1.3 Mojonnier Method
3.2 SNF (Solids-Not-Fat) and Total Solids
3.2.1 Lactometer Method
3.2.2 Gravimetric Method
3.3 Protein and Casein Estimation
3.4 Ash Content
3.5 Acidity and pH
3.6 Detection of Neutralizers, Preservatives, and Adulterants
4. Microbiological Testing
4.1 Standard Plate Count (SPC)
4.2 Methylene Blue Reduction Test
4.3 Resazurin Test
4.4 Coliform Count
4.5 Somatic Cell Count
4.6 Pathogen Detection (e.g., E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella)
5. Adulteration and Contamination Detection
5.1 Common Adulterants in Milk
5.2 Qualitative Tests for Adulterants
5.3 Quantitative Estimation
5.4 Rapid Test Kits and Strip Tests
5.5 Legal and Safety Aspects
6. Instrumental Methods in Milk Testing
6.1 Milko-Tester and Lactoscan
6.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
6.3 Ultrasonic Milk Analyzers
6.4 pH Meter, Conductivity Meter
6.5 Automatic Milk Collection Unit (AMCU) Testing Systems
7. Quality Standards and Regulatory Requirements
7.1 BIS and FSSAI Standards
7.2 Codex Alimentarius Guidelines
7.3 International Standards (ISO)
7.4 Legal Metrology in Milk Measurement
7.5 Lab Accreditation and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
8. Sample Collection and Laboratory Practices
8.1 Types of Samples (Raw, Pasteurized, etc.)
8.2 Sample Preservation and Transport
8.3 Cleaning and Sterilization of Glassware
8.4 Safety and Hygiene in Milk Labs
9. Milk Testing in the Supply Chain
9.1 At the Producer Level
9.2 Milk Collection Centers
9.3 Dairy Plant Quality Control
9.4 Milk Testing for Export
10. Recent Advances and Digital Tools
10.1 Mobile Milk Testing Units
10.2 IoT and Sensor Technologies
10.3 Data Management and Cloud Integration
10.4 AI/ML in Milk Quality Prediction
Annexures
A1: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
A2: Format for Milk Testing Reports
A3: Troubleshooting Common Test Errors
A4: Glossary of Terms
A5: Reference Values and Conversion Tables
References
Index (Alphabetical Topics)